Improving soil health by increasing soil organic matter levels for cotton production systems on the Southern High Plains is dependent in large measure by how producers manage their soil microbiome. While soil fungi are critical for building up soil organic matter levels, the activity and densities of these soil organisms are very susceptible to conventional tillage practices. To provide information on how management practices can be used to increase soil organic matter levels and improve soil health, we have been examining the effects of management practices for both no-till with residue in dryland and irrigated cotton production systems on soil microbial communities and their activities and impacts on soil organic matter levels. These studies are also linked with a producer – citizen science network to better understand grower needs and concerns.