Multiple Mechanism for Caterpillar Resistance to Bt: Don't Forget Our History

A short history of the evolution of insect resistance to chemical insecticides will be presented illustrating the once mis-understanding that target site resistance was the end all to  the protection of OPs, carbamates and pyrethroids while the caterpillar due to selection by these chemistries moved on to new resistance mechanisms.  Data will be presented that although the current predominant thought is that target site resistance is the end all to caterpillar resistance to Bt toxins and RNAi, there are clues to what else is possible.  We should not be affraid of looking into the unknown and asking, "what is possible".