Cotton is the major field crop produced in Texas, accounting for approximately 9.4% of all Texas agricultural commodity cash receipts in 2005 (TASS). However, the continued long-term viability of cotton production in the Texas High Plains (THP) depends on its profitability within farming operations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production costs and profitability of irrigated and dryland cotton production in the THP from 1996 to 2005. In order to accomplish the objective of this study, the Standardized Performance Analysis-Multiple Enterprises (SPA-ME) computer program and the Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) database is utilized. The data analyzed in this study were generated from financial and production information collected from cotton producers in the THP from 1996 to 2005 for irrigated and dryland cotton produced under crop share rental agreements. The data collected from THP cotton producers consisted of production, marketing, and financial information for the SPA analyses.