Cotton is the major field crop produced in Texas, accounting for approximately 8.7% of all Texas agricultural commodity cash receipts in 2003 (TASS). However, the continued long-term viability of cotton production in the Texas High Plains (THP) depends on its profitability within farming operations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production costs and profitability of irrigated and dryland cotton production in the THP from 1996 to 2004.